貴州防火玻璃廠家為您介紹關于中空玻璃的充氣知識

中空玻璃充惰性氣體利于同時改良密封壽命和降低熱對流，而充氣中空玻璃所要的初始充氣濃度和氣密性，是解決這兩方面問題的基本保證。貴州防火玻璃廠家(jia)將討論提高充(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻璃(li)的(de)初始濃(nong)(nong)度所涉及的(de)有(you)關問題，如充(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻璃(li)的(de)生產過程控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)產品(pin)質量檢測(ce)，旨在(zai)幫助(zhu)那(nei)些(xie)已經對中空(kong)玻璃(li)充(chong)氣(qi)但濃(nong)(nong)度低于90％和(he)那(nei)些(xie)正在(zai)考慮上中空(kong)玻璃(li)充(chong)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)廠(chang)家(jia)選擇正確的(de)充(chong)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)。

1充氣的基本知識

一般(ban)說來(lai)，充氣(qi)中空(kong)玻璃所使用的惰(duo)性氣(qi)體為氬氣(qi)，具有(you)無色、無味、無毒的特點，其分子量較空(kong)氣(qi)重38％，導熱系數比(bi)空(kong)氣(qi)小。

由于氬氣(qi)(qi)的密度比空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)大，因此，在中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)時，氬氣(qi)(qi)充(chong)（進(jin)）氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)在下(xia)端、空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)的出（排）氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)在上(shang)端，以置換(huan)出中空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)(li)內的空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)，達到所需要的氬氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)度。

中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)的(de)充氣(qi)(qi)過程(cheng)實質(zhi)上是流(liu)(liu)動(dong)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)從一種(zhong)運動(dong)狀態(tai)轉移到另(ling)一種(zhong)狀態(tai)的(de)過程(cheng)，充氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量高與(yu)否(fou)和氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)產生層(ceng)流(liu)(liu)（laminar）抑或是紊流(liu)(liu)（turbulence）有關(guan)。因此，討(tao)(tao)論中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)充氣(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量不(bu)能離對于層(ceng)流(liu)(liu)和紊流(liu)(liu)基本概念(nian)的(de)討(tao)(tao)論。

層(ceng)流(liu)(liu)和紊(wen)流(liu)(liu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)流(liu)(liu)體運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)時(shi)慣(guan)性(xing)力和粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力共同作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)。粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)流(liu)(liu)體運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)與理想流(liu)(liu)體運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要區(qu)別是(shi)(shi)(shi)微團的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)力除慣(guan)性(xing)力外，還有粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力。根據這兩(liang)種力的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，它(ta)們對流(liu)(liu)體微團運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)。按照定義(yi)，粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)阻止流(liu)(liu)體微團發生(sheng)(sheng)相對運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)，而慣(guan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)與粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)正好相反(fan)，因此在粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)流(liu)(liu)體流(liu)(liu)動(dong)中，流(liu)(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)決定于(yu)這兩(liang)種力作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)。在粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)遠大于(yu)慣(guan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)條件下，氣體運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)產生(sheng)(sheng)層(ceng)流(liu)(liu)，反(fan)之，在慣(guan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)遠大于(yu)粘(zhan)(zhan)性(xing)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)時(shi)，氣體運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)產生(sheng)(sheng)紊(wen)流(liu)(liu)。

直觀地(di)看(kan)(kan)，作為流(liu)體(ti)(ti)運動的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)簡單(dan)圖像，層流(liu)可以看(kan)(kan)成是(shi)(shi)彼此相(xiang)(xiang)鄰、并(bing)且具有“確定物質意義”的(de)(de)流(liu)層，或者說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)存在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)串動的(de)(de)“流(liu)體(ti)(ti)線元”，進行滑移(yi)運動的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)延伸(shen)。簡單(dan)地(di)說(shuo)，層流(liu)就是(shi)(shi)流(liu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)分層流(liu)動。此時，運動中流(liu)體(ti)(ti)承受牛頓粘(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應力(li)(li)，與固體(ti)(ti)之間反抗彼此滑移(yi)運動的(de)(de)力(li)(li)學機(ji)制沒有本質差異(yi)。紊流(liu)的(de)(de)基本特(te)點是(shi)(shi)有渦性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、不(bu)規(gui)則(ze)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、隨機(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、擴散性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和耗散性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，中空玻璃是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)由大小不(bu)等、頻(pin)率不(bu)同的(de)(de)旋渦結構組成，使(shi)其物理量對時間和空間的(de)(de)變化均表現(xian)出(chu)不(bu)規(gui)則(ze)的(de)(de)隨機(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

目前(qian)，我國中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)質量不高(gao)，在(zai)(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度上是(shi)由充(chong)氣(qi)過(guo)程中產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紊流(liu)所(suo)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。假定充(chong)氣(qi)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳感器只識(shi)別中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)排(pai)氣(qi)孔處收集到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惰(duo)性氣(qi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度，且充(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)層流(liu)和紊流(liu)終給(gei)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惰(duo)性氣(qi)體濃(nong)度同樣符(fu)合標(biao)準(zhun)要(yao)求，人(ren)們用肉眼又無法區別哪片中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惰(duo)性氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)擴(kuo)散后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度走向。如(ru)果(guo)采用高(gao)壓放(fang)電(dian)法對(dui)這(zhe)類充(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初始濃(nong)度進行在(zai)(zai)線檢測，所(suo)得(de)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度就會(hui)(hui)高(gao)出(chu)擴(kuo)散后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際濃(nong)度。結果(guo)有兩種：1）如(ru)果(guo)廠(chang)家將存在(zai)(zai)紊流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)判(pan)斷為(wei)合格交付客(ke)戶或送到(dao)實(shi)驗室檢測，擴(kuo)散后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際濃(nong)度就會(hui)(hui)低于開始測試的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度。2）這(zhe)種濃(nong)度明顯變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)會(hui)(hui)困惑生產(chan)廠(chang)家，因為(wei)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)密封并(bing)沒缺(que)陷(xian)，且產(chan)品(pin)測試的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只是(shi)初始濃(nong)度。

關于流(liu)(liu)體的層流(liu)(liu)和紊流(liu)(liu)的上(shang)述表述，在(zai)于揭開中空(kong)玻璃充氣過程流(liu)(liu)體運(yun)動(dong)狀態轉變過程中出現紊流(liu)(liu)的可能性(xing)及其(qi)特點。

2紊流對(dui)充氣(qi)過程(cheng)及濃度測量(liang)的影響

充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)產生紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)時(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)腔體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)能被(bei)充(chong)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氬氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)置(zhi)換掉，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)始濃度(du)(du)(du)很難達到標準所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)外，充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)，使空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)仍存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央位(wei)置(zhi)。當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)出(chu)現(xian)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)現(xian)象時(shi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)排氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔傳感器所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)，一般說來，應(ying)高(gao)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)腔體(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央湍流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惰性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散需要6~8小(xiao)時(shi)。如果使用該方法進(jin)行在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，則(ze)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)測(ce)(ce)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)明顯高(gao)于(yu)擴散后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際濃度(du)(du)(du)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，我們(men)(men)不(bu)能將這(zhe)種(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)方法作為充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)手段。否則(ze)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)內出(chu)現(xian)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)現(xian)象條(tiao)件下，會給出(chu)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)人員錯誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷。如存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)，采用高(gao)壓(ya)放(fang)電法檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)應(ying)盡可能靠近間隔條(tiao)位(wei)置(zhi)（見圖(tu)4）。按照廠(chang)家建議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個測(ce)(ce)量點，正(zheng)好(hao)避開(kai)了充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)，即空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)位(wei)置(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)給出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)為惰性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)放(fang)置(zhi)6~8小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)，得出(chu)正(zheng)確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)(du)(du)數字(zi)。據調查，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家自檢(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)初(chu)始濃度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)90％以上(shang)，但經第三(san)方測(ce)(ce)量實際濃度(du)(du)(du)低于(yu)90％，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還足70％。通過對(dui)這(zhe)些濃度(du)(du)(du)差別(bie)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)密(mi)封的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，我們(men)(men)很難能找(zhao)出(chu)密(mi)封缺陷，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)(ci)，我們(men)(men)推斷出(chu)現(xian)這(zhe)種(zhong)現(xian)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)之一，是由于(yu)紊(wen)(wen)流(liu)(liu)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

但是，這種檢測方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)屬(shu)于產品質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)后檢測。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)放置6-8小時后，二道密封膠基本固化，如果充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度達不(bu)(bu)到要(yao)求，則對已充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中空(kong)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)返(fan)工(gong)是一(yi)件費(fei)時費(fei)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。此外還有兩種可能：（1）如果對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)改進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話，我們仍無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)保(bao)證(zheng)返(fan)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)濃(nong)度達到要(yao)求；（2）采(cai)用普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，即(ji)自然充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)與強制抽(chou)氣(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，不(bu)(bu)可避開(kai)發生(sheng)紊流現象，即(ji)使是隨機抽(chou)查檢測的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)達到濃(nong)度要(yao)求，除非我們有充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)過程每片玻(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實時監控數字，否則，我們也(ye)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)確切地保(bao)證(zheng)整個批次的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)玻(bo)璃(li)(li)都合格。

由此可(ke)見，除(chu)非我們采用的(de)充氣設備(bei)能(neng)夠(gou)有效地避開紊流出(chu)現、抑(yi)或(huo)始終(zhong)保(bao)持(chi)充氣過程的(de)穩定(ding)的(de)層流，否則(ze)，我們就不能(neng)排除(chu)在線檢測的(de)濃度(du)(du)的(de)真偽。進一步(bu)說，在此條(tiao)件下(xia)，我們保(bao)證充氣中空玻璃(li)的(de)濃度(du)(du)的(de)正(zheng)確方法，只能(neng)是對充氣中空玻璃(li)的(de)生產過程進行控制，而(er)不是產品的(de)質量控制。

3充氣中(zhong)空玻璃(li)的生產(chan)控制

充氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)空(kong)玻璃(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程控(kong)制(zhi)（production process control）概念是(shi)(shi)，為保持充氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)空(kong)玻璃(li)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程處于受(shou)控(kong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，對(dui)(dui)影響充氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程所(suo)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作業技術(shu)和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析、診(zhen)斷(duan)和(he)實時(shi)監控(kong)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用在于對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)進行(xing)系統安排，對(dui)(dui)直(zhi)接或間接影響過(guo)(guo)(guo)程質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素進行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)并制(zhi)定實施控(kong)制(zhi)計(ji)劃，確(que)認過(guo)(guo)(guo)程質量(liang)(liang)。氬氣(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)無色(se)無味氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)，其充氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)不(bu)易測量(liang)(liang)。目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測試方法大體(ti)(ti)可以(yi)分為兩種：（1）傳(chuan)感器對(dui)(dui)從(cong)排氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)所(suo)收(shou)(shou)集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)與(yu)所(suo)設置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)相比(bi)(bi)較，以(yi)判(pan)斷(duan)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)達(da)到(dao)要求；（2）傳(chuan)感器對(dui)(dui)排氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)所(suo)收(shou)(shou)集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)與(yu)所(suo)設置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)進行(xing)動態(tai)比(bi)(bi)較并給出濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)、氣(qi)(qi)壓和(he)流(liu)速等實時(shi)曲線，不(bu)但從(cong)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)上判(pan)斷(duan)而(er)且從(cong)曲線形(xing)狀(zhuang)上判(pan)斷(duan)，充氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)。二(er)者相比(bi)(bi)，由于二(er)種方法不(bu)只是(shi)(shi)兩個值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)較，而(er)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)整個充氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描述。

充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)質量控(kong)制（quality control）的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)事后(hou)性(xing)，屬(shu)于(yu)不合格產品檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。歐洲中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)標(biao)準EN1279-6的(de)(de)生產控(kong)制實際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)指對(dui)充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)合片(pian)濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量，應該理解為對(dui)產品的(de)(de)質量控(kong)制或檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，而不是(shi)(shi)(shi)真正(zheng)意義上的(de)(de)生產過程控(kong)制。對(dui)充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)初(chu)始濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)抽(chou)樣檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)規定，1片(pian)/1000片(pian)/班(ban)，至少3片(pian)，當(dang)每(mei)班(ban)充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)不足100片(pian)時(shi)(shi)，抽(chou)查1片(pian)。充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氬氣(qi)需要大約6~8小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)才能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)擴(kuo)(kuo)散，因此，對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)氬氣(qi)初(chu)始濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)需在(zai)氣(qi)體擴(kuo)(kuo)散后(hou)才能(neng)進行。因此，無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)濃(nong)度(du)的(de)(de)在(zai)線檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)抑(yi)或是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)惰性(xing)氣(qi)體擴(kuo)(kuo)散的(de)(de)6~8小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)后(hou)再檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，都只能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)產品合格與(yu)否的(de)(de)判斷。假如這(zhe)種抽(chou)樣檢(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)結果是(shi)(shi)(shi)總體不合格，則問(wen)題的(de)(de)發現已經(jing)為時(shi)(shi)過晚。

貴州防火玻璃廠家綜(zong)上所述，造成充氣(qi)中(zhong)空玻璃初始濃度低的(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)因在于充氣(qi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)紊流(liu)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。對充氣(qi)中(zhong)空玻璃生產控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)意義在于對整(zheng)個充氣(qi)過(guo)(guo)程進行實時監(jian)控(kong)，從而(er)有效地避開(kai)中(zhong)空玻璃充氣(qi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可能出現(xian)(xian)的(de)紊流(liu)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)和保證充氣(qi)質量的(de)穩(wen)定性。

4智能充氣技術

在(zai)(zai)清(qing)楚中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)基(ji)本原理、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，我們要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)一下(xia)主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)具體方式。概括地說，選擇充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設備可(ke)以從設備的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)特點考慮(lv)。從與中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)看(kan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)分(fen)為在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)離(li)(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；從生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)自(zi)動化程度看(kan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)分(fen)為自(zi)動化充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)手工(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。一般說來，在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，顧(gu)名(ming)思義，是(shi)指充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)藝是(shi)在(zai)(zai)中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過程在(zai)(zai)中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)上(shang)框(kuang)后(hou)(hou)、合(he)片(pian)前（如(ru)李賽克生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、百超生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)）完成，具有自(zi)動化程度高、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)間短和(he)(he)濃度穩定的(de)(de)(de)優點，缺點是(shi)惰性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體浪(lang)費大；手工(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)中空(kong)玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)制合(he)片(pian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，在(zai)(zai)二道密封膠涂(tu)布(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)前或后(hou)(hou)離(li)(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)進行。一般說來，普通手工(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)設備的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)速度較(jiao)慢、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體耗量較(jiao)高、濃度低等。誠然(ran)，兩種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)方式都需要(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程控制，歐洲的(de)(de)(de)一些玻(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)廠家正對在(zai)(zai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行升級采用實時(shi)監(jian)控的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法。

一(yi)般(ban)說來，手工充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)設備(bei)的(de)充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)方式(shi)主要(yao)有三種：自然充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)與排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)同時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)、程(cheng)序(xu)控制充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)與排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)同時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。自然充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)流速一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)5升(sheng)/分鐘(zhong)左右，充(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)與排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)同時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)的(de)流速在(zai)(zai)12~18升(sheng)/分鐘(zhong)之間，程(cheng)序(xu)控制充(chong)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)流速可達90升(sheng)/分鐘(zhong)。

選擇中空玻(bo)璃充(chong)氣(qi)設(she)備主要需要考慮三方面問題(ti)：初始充(chong)氣(qi)濃度、充(chong)氣(qi)時間和氣(qi)體(ti)消耗量。對此，我(wo)們先依次分別敘述，然后綜(zong)合(he)起(qi)來討論。

毋庸贅述，選擇充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)先考慮的因素是(shi)設備的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)質量的穩定性(xing)(xing)。提高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)惰性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)濃(nong)度的關(guan)鍵在于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)設備在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)能否避(bi)開(kai)(kai)出(chu)現(xian)紊(wen)流(liu)，對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行實時監控(kong)。采用自然(ran)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的特點(dian)是(shi)設備投(tou)資小，但(dan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)速(su)(su)(su)度過(guo)慢，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)度沒有保證，氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)消耗量大(da)(da)，不(bu)適合(he)大(da)(da)量中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)玻璃(li)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)的生產(chan)。第2種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)即(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)與(yu)強制抽(chou)氣(qi)(qi)同步進(jin)行，雖然(ran)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)速(su)(su)(su)度有所提高從而縮短了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)時間，但(dan)是(shi)強制抽(chou)氣(qi)(qi)容易導致空(kong)(kong)腔(qiang)內(nei)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)流(liu)動出(chu)現(xian)紊(wen)流(liu)，當(dang)傳感器測到(dao)惰性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)并判(pan)斷(duan)達到(dao)所設置(zhi)的濃(nong)度值時，可能并不(bu)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)玻璃(li)的真實濃(nong)度。第3種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)即(ji)程(cheng)(cheng)序控(kong)制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)與(yu)抽(chou)氣(qi)(qi)，其實質是(shi)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行智能控(kong)制，通過(guo)對(dui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)和(he)流(liu)量的實時監控(kong)，很大(da)(da)地提高了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)速(su)(su)(su)度，避(bi)開(kai)(kai)了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)生的紊(wen)流(liu)，從而保證了所規定的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)度。

5其他

為提高充(chong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)空玻(bo)璃的(de)惰性(xing)氣(qi)體濃度(du)，還需注意其他一(yi)些(xie)細節(jie)。這里只列(lie)出有(you)關中(zhong)(zhong)空玻(bo)璃充(chong)氣(qi)時(shi)的(de)立式擺放問題。充(chong)氣(qi)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)空玻(bo)璃的(de)立式擺放，應盡(jin)可能(neng)短邊靠(kao)地(di)；如(ru)長邊靠(kao)地(di)的(de)話，一(yi)般說(shuo)來，應考(kao)慮(lv)適當延長充(chong)氣(qi)時(shi)間(jian)。

中空玻璃不能水平擺(bai)放充(chong)氣(qi)。有些(xie)公(gong)司在制作小片樣品時，將中空玻璃平放充(chong)氣(qi)，很難達到所(suo)需(xu)的濃度。

結語

充(chong)(chong)氣中空玻璃(li)的(de)生產過程控(kong)制是提高(gao)充(chong)(chong)氣濃度(du)的(de)重要(yao)保證。相比之(zhi)下，充(chong)(chong)氣中空玻璃(li)的(de)質量控(kong)制是事后檢測，是保證充(chong)(chong)氣初始濃度(du)的(de)輔(fu)助手段。

紊流是造成我國中空玻璃充氣質量低的重要原因，使用智能控制充氣方法，不但能保證充氣過程的層流以達到標準所規定的初始濃度，而且具有充氣速度快和惰性氣體消耗量少的優點。此外，充氣設備的性價比好，貴州防火玻璃廠家具有投資較小、經用的(de)特點，對(dui)于(yu)那(nei)些需提高充氣水(shui)平卻苦(ku)于(yu)找不到好的(de)充氣方(fang)法(fa)的(de)企業，不失為(wei)一種較好的(de)選擇。

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